Why Software Systems Fail Essay - 4130 Words

Why Software Systems Fail 1.0 IntroductionIn this report I will be concentrating on the failure of software systems. To understand why software systems fail we need to understand what are software systems. Software systems are a type of information system. This is because a software system is basically a means for hardware to process information. Flynn’s definition of an information system is:An information system provides procedures to record and make available information, concerning part of an organization, to assist organization-related activities.Humans have been processing information manually for thousands of years, but with the vast increase of demand for knowledge this century has meant that a new method of information†¦show more content†¦Political / Commercial pressures - This can lead to developers skipping parts of the system to save time or money. There are also cases of rivalry between sub-contractors, which damages the design of the system.Incorrect analysis and assumptions - P redictions based on incorrect assumptions of the real world or its behaviour.Not properly tested software implemented in a high risk environment - This is almost guaranteed to lead to systems failure.Poor user-interface - Makes it difficult or even impossible for the user to operate the software system.Incorrect fit between software and hardware - Incorrect specification of the hardware type in the brief, or upgrading the hardware without upgrading the software (or vice-versa).Inadequate training given to the operators - The people who have to use the software are not taught properly how to use the software system or they are expected to learn on their own. Over reliance on the software system - The operators expect their software system to work in all conditions and to perform miracles for them.I will be looking at these types of systems failure with examples. 2.1 Poor software design- the Denver airport automated luggage handling systemAn example of poor software design is the Den ver International Airport luggageShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Advance Software Engineering1655 Words   |  7 PagesAdvance Software engineering Midterm-1 Name : Sushma Manjunath Bharadwaj ID: 87298 1. What is a context diagram? Why is a context diagram important to software engineering? How does doing a context diagram improve the safety and reliability of the ultimate software project? (Min 100 words) Solution: Context diagrams are the diagrams that show relationship between the system and external entities. The external entities provide inputs and in turn get output from the system. It shows the connectionRead MoreDatabase Analysis : Database Management System1137 Words   |  5 Pages Summary: Database Management System in easy terms we can say that set of data organized in a relative way. It allows data for various entries, storage and retrieval of large quantity of information and provides ways to manage how the information is stored. There is big number of database providers and each different database has its own strength so while choosing a particular database we need to understand what the business requirement is and match them with what DBMS can provide us to make ourRead MoreSoftware development methodology to improve planning and scheduling in web development.800 Words   |  4 PagesSoftware development methodology to improve planning and scheduling in web development. Introduction Now a days Software is an essential part of the modern society. Most of the business companies, government, organizations using IT systems in their operations. But most of the information system projects frequently fail because of the failure to meet the user requirements, insufficient budget, poor communication, poor planning and scheduling, lack of quality assurance and do not have a standard projectRead MoreWhy Software Testing With Real Users1099 Words   |  5 PagesWeek6 Hand in Assignment There are a number of reasons why software testing with real users views are important, even if the software is still being developed. One of the main reasons is that testing can bring value to the end product. Software testing demonstrates that defects are detected in the application that was developed. The process validates and verifies the software in order to ensure that the product meets the highest business and technical requirements that directed its design andRead MoreApplication Management of Software1090 Words   |  4 Pages Implementing software in a working environment can be no easy task, however deciding how they will work best to meet the needs of the company can outlined in a plan. This software plan needs to identify all software applications being used or supporting the business organization. An inventory of current software’s supporting the Alcan organization be reassessed in order to fit their organizations mission intent. The software selection should be able to use existing or provide compatibility withRead MoreQuality Issues in System Development1687 Words   |  7 PagesQuality Issues In System Development The period between the 1970s and 1980s was a time of great advancement in computer hardware technology which took an industry still in its infancy, to a level of much sophistication and which ultimately revelutionised the information storage and processing needs of every other industry and that of the entire world. However, it was also during this period when the shortcomings of implementing such technology became apparent. A significant number ofRead More Electronic Voting and What Should be Done Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pagesnew computer system that casts election votes. Ideally, using electronic equipment has many advantages but there are disadvantages hiding in the cave ready to attack. We’ve all seen electronic equipment often work as expected but more importantly, it’s not uncommon for electronic equipment to fail and when this sort of concept is applied to voting, miscounting is simply unacceptable. I think the best way to solve this type problem is to try to make the voting machines work without fail but to neverRead MoreQuestions On Problems And Exercise1198 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reasons implementations fail. For at least three of these reasons, explain why this happens, if there is one (or more) type of implementation likely to minimize the occurrence, and if there is one (or more) type of installation more likely to induce fai lure for this reason System development projects are carefully analyzed, designed and implemented to achieve the desired objectives. One would think that by carefully designing project’s schedule would guarantee software delivery on time and withinRead MoreQuestions On The Management System1504 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Companies fail to make the change they intend approximately 70 percent of the time† [1] You have probably read about PPARS (Personnel, Payroll and Related system) which cost an estimated 131 m according to the Comptroller and Auditor General Report on Value for Money Examination that took place for PPARS. PPARS is one of Ireland’s most talked about IT failures of all times and is ranked among other high profile IT failures such as the Credit union IT system and the e-voting system. There are aRead MoreStage 3 Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesVaughn University of Maryland University College â€Æ' PART 1 Introduction In last few stages of our analysis and an IT solution was proposed of having a customer scheduling software used to help manage UMUC Haircuts customer schedule. The software that was looked at was BOOKFRESH scheduling software. This software would allow customers to dictate Myra’s schedule for her and allow for easy review via a computer used at work, home, or even on mobile platform devices. Although this adds another

The Reasoning for Tattoos in the US Army Essay - 1231 Words

Tattoos have likely been at the top of the list as the most discussed topic amongst the different social classes. There is a divide between societies understanding of tattoos, those who oppose them identify tattoos as being a form of â€Å"taboo† and is associated with a type of body modification that is seen as distasteful in nature. Others believe tattoos are a form of one’s own self-expression. Although tattoos are subjective to each person, we should not completely rule them out altogether because they are perceived and sometimes deemed inappropriate, that is a form of stereotyping. Being in the U.S Army, maintaining a high level of professionalism is key to good work ethic, it allows opportunities for advancement into leadership roles as†¦show more content†¦In the article â€Å"Body Modification is a Form of Self- mutilation† author Sheila Jeffreys’ argues that tattoos are a form of Self-mutilation, â€Å"Which is more common among females and gay men and are a response to low social status, sexual and physical abuse as well as severe emotional distress of living in a male dominant society. Females are emotionally disassociated from their bodies and self mutilation (tattooing) breaches that barrier and allows them to feel.† For some individuals tattoos are in fact endured to â€Å"feel†, Patricia Roe in Alexis Keinlen’s article â€Å"Skin Deep† explained her reasoning of being tattooed. Roe decided to receive a tattoo in memory of her son Adam, whose untimely death took a toll on her, the tattoo allowed her to have a constant memory of him. â€Å"The pain was one I welcomed at the time, because I chose it for myself when there was so much other emotional pain that I couldn’t control†. Roe’s explanation of her tattoo would likely seem reasonable to an audience that may not understand or oppose tattoos given its origin. Roe didn’t state that she was emotionally disassociated from her body;Show MoreRelatedEssay on Shaving in the Army929 Words   |  4 PagesMosley 1/504 HHC 82nd AB Bco. 1st PLT Medic Shaving in the Army It is important to maintain discipline in the army, because essentially your life depends on it. If you forget to bring the battery to your radio, get lazy and don’t keep a low profile,or just say screw it and do what you want. You can get yourself or someone else killed or maimed for life. And apparently shaving is part of that discipline. Here is what the army has to say about male grooming standards. Male haircutsRead MoreTattoos And Pop Culture1923 Words   |  8 Pagesacceptance of tattoos into our main stream culture. Tattoos actually have a very long history in our culture, but in the past, was concentrated in small out of the way pockets of society like the military and criminals. This has slowly started to change and tattoos have started to make their way into the commonplace. This transition into an age of acceptance is not only moral move, but a logical one, this claim can be justified with the with deep traditional roots and personal experience that tattoos holdRead MoreThe Overlooked Art : Tattoos A Social Issue1931 Words   |  8 Pages The Overlooked Art: Tattoos a Social Issue When you think of social issues there are many that come to mind ,but there is one that though it effects many is overlooked. That issue is the acceptance of tattoos into our main stream culture. Tattoos actually have a very long history in our culture but in the past, was concentrated in small out of the way pockets of society like the military and criminals. This has slowly started to change and tattoos have started to make their way into the commonplaceRead MoreThe Responsibilities of a Soldier10164 Words   |  41 PagesThe Responsibilities of a Soldier As an opening I will be giving a short summary on the different responsibilities a soldier has and what I will be covering in this essay. The Army itself is a large responsibility that every soldier has. As I’m often told it’s the little stuff that really matter because all the little things amount to bigger things. Each and every soldier is responsible for their appearance, being on time, physical fitness and a good deal of other thing that form their responsibilitiesRead MoreThe American Constitution : A Double Consciousness Concept1260 Words   |  6 Pageswhat others think and view us as. Your double consciousness constantly reminds you that this isn’t the place for certain behaviors and talks. This is an example of W.E.B Dubois theory. I am a walking testimony of the â€Å"double consciousness† theory. I have displayed this concept throughout my life on several occasions. I have had several jobs and occupations where my personal values had to be placed aside for the proper American standard. Being a member of the United States Army taught me many lessonsRead MoreGangs And Gang Crimes All Together2177 Words   |  9 PagesI have chosen to write my paper on Gangs and Gang crimes all together. I want to explain the history and reasoning of modern gangs and how and why they came about. I also want to give examples of some of the most common gangs known world wide and examples of the crimes they commit. I will also include insight on the reasoning behind the joining of gangs. Lastly, I would like to go into some detail about the criminal investigation of gang crimes. I have chosen this topic because I believe it is oneRead MoreTrial by Fire16438 Words   |  66 Pagesheroic arson investigator says of fire, â₠¬Å"It breathes, it eats, and it hates. The only way to beat it is to think like it. To know that this flame will spread this way across the door and up across the ceiling.† Vasquez, who had previously worked in Army intelligence, had several maxims of his own. One was â€Å"Fire does not destroy evidence—it creates it.† Another was â€Å"The fire tells the story. I am just the interpreter.† He cultivated a Sherlock Holmes-like aura of invincibility. Once, he was asked underRead MoreTrial by Fire16445 Words   |  66 Pagesheroic arson investigator says of fire, â€Å"It breathes, it eats, and it hates. The only way to beat it is to think like it. To know that this flame will spread this way across the door and up across the ceiling.† Vasquez, who had previously worked in Army intelligence, had several maxims of his own. One was â€Å"Fire does not destroy evidence—it creates it.† Another was â€Å"The fire tells the story. I am just the interpreter.† He cultivated a Sherlock Holmes-like aura of invincibility. Once, he was asked underRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pageseffects in a way which is unrelated to what has gone before. The first part of this chapter is taken over entire from Jà ¢bir’s Kità ¢b al-Baht, while the second part apparently consists of quotations from that half of the work which has not come down to us. Some of the theories presented are extremely difficult to understand and interpret, as the author himself admits. The main source of the difficulty lies in the fact that the discussion concerns the aether and the sphere of the fixed stars and theirRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pages I had scored goal after goal in Barca, I was lethal too. He couldn t adapt the team after one single guy. I mean: why the hell did he buy me then? No one pays that kind of money just to strangle me as a player. Guardiola had to think of both of us, and of course, the mood amongst the club management became nervous. I was their biggest investment ever, and I didn t feel good in the new lineup. I was too expensive not to feel good. Txiki Begiristain, the sports director, was pushing me; he

Law of Business Association Company Law

Questions: 1.Whether Mr. Palmer can be examined by ASIC, for breach of section 184 of the Corporations Act, or not? 2.Whether Mr. Palmer is liable under section 588G of the Corporations Act, or not? Answers: 1. Rule: Section 184 of the Corporations Act, 2001[1] (CA), contains that a director or any other officer of the company would be considered to have committed an offence, when such persons are reckless, as well as, intentionally dishonest, and fails to discharge their duties, and exercise their powers, for the proper purpose[2], and in good faith, which is in the best interests of the company. Further, this section states that a director, an employee, or any other officer of the company would be considered to have committed an offence, if they use their position[3] in a dishonest manner, recklessly, or with the purpose of attaining an benefit for themselves, or for another person, in a direct or indirect manner, or for the disadvantage of the company. When a person, who had access to crucial information relating to the company, by being the director, officer, or employee of the company, uses such information[4] recklessly or with an intention of gaining an advantage for themselves, o r for someone else, in a direct or indirect manner, would be considered to have committed an offence, when such information is used dishonestly. In the case of Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL[5], it was established that there is no distinction among a shadow director, a de facto director or a formally appointed director. A director of the company, whether he is appointed as such or not, has the obligation to operate in good faith, as well as in best interests of the corporation. Such director has to apply the necessary diligence, along with care, and has to steer clear of all conflict of interests. Section 9 of the CA, defines the director[6] as an individual who is not truly appointed, although operates in the place of a director; or such an individual according to whose wishes or instructions, the directors of the company act. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) has been given the powers, under section 13(1) (a) of the ASIC Act[7], to investigate[8] any suspected contravention of the CA. These investigative powers include the power to investigate a director for the suspected breach of the duties of the directors as stated in this Act. The enforcement activities as well as the investigative activities of the ASIC ensure fair play by protecting the interests of the shareholders, creditors, and the corporations[9]. As per Section 422 of the CA, a receiver has to file a report to the ASIC when it seems that a member or an officer of the corporation has committed an offence, relating to the corporation[10]. For a liquidator[11], such report has to be filed under Section 533 of the CA. After receiving such a report from a liquidator or a receiver, the ASIC may, at its discretion[12] decide, whether or not, to investigate a matter under the Section 15 of the ASIC Act. As per Section 50 of the ASIC Act, the ASIC has the authority to commence and continue civil proceedings[13] in the name of the company, when during an investigation, the ASIC considers it necessary to be done in the public interest, as well as, in the name of a person after proper consent, in a written manner, has been obtained from such a person. In the case of ASC v Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu[14], the Federal Court emphasized on this discretion of the ASIC. In cases where the corporation fails, the powers of ASIC regarding the investigation and enforcement can be invoked. Such investigations are concerned with the determination of the knowledge of the directors, auditors or the officers of the company regarding the true state of the affairs of the company. Such investigations are carried with the association of the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (DDP) and the Australian Federal Police (AFP)[15]. When an investigation of carried in the matter of a suspected infringement of the corporations legislations[16], as stated in the Section 5 of the ASIC Act, as well as, the CA[17], or when a report is sent by a liquidator or a receiver, the ASIC prepares a final report[18] on such an investigation as per the section 17(1) of the ASIC Act. When such a report covers a serious contravention of the Commonwealth law, or the State or Territory laws, the ASIC forwards such report to the AFP, DDP or the National Crime Authority for further investigation[19]. Section 49 of the ASIC Act, gives ASIC the powers to lay down the charges against an individual, who has or who seems to have committed an offence[20] under the CA. As per this section, the ASIC prosecutes such offenders who can be dealt by way of a summary prosecution. However, when the offences are serious in nature, the DPP prosecutes in such circumstances. An intentional misuse of the position of a director of a company, in order to obtain financial gains; and the decisions of the directors to carry on the trading even when the corporation is insolvent, are some of the examples of serious offences[21]. ASIC and DPP have an arrangement, through which the DPP carries the prosecution of the serious offences. Section 49(5)[22] clearly states that the prosecution by ASIC, does not influence the operations of the Director of Public Prosecutions Act, 1983[23]. As per the arrangement, the ASIC can continue with the summary prosecutions, after laying down the charges, except for the serious offences. Application: Mr. Palmer was a part of the committee that permitted the expenditures, and he had accepted that he used email alias to communicate with the company[24]. The way Mr. Palmer ran the operations at the Queensland Nickel (QN), determines that he was a shadow director. The fact that Mr. Palmer owned QN through two companies, and that the sole director was his nephew, shows that he had control over the affairs of the company. This is because he was such a person, upon whose wishes or instructions, the directors of the company acted. He controlled the operations of QN through the two companies. So, he was a shadow director of QN. Mr. Palmer acted in a reckless manner which was not in good faith or in the interests of QN. He utilized the funds of the company for his benefits, not once but on various occasions. This holds him liable for a criminal offence, under section 184 of the CA. As per Section 422 of the CA, the receiver of QN would have to file a report with the ASIC for the apparent offence committed by the director of QN. In this case, ASIC can, upon its discretion, investigate against Mr. Palmer, for the suspected breach of the duties of the directors, under 13(1)(a) of the ASIC Act. When the charges have been laid down by the ASIC against Mr. Palmer, the DPP would prosecute these offences, being serious in nature. Conclusion: Being a shadow director, Mr. Palmer can be examined by ASIC for breach of section 184, of the CA. 2. Rule: Section 588G of the CA, states it as a duty of the director to prevent such trading which has the effect of making the company insolvent[25]. A person is considered to have committed an offence[26] when a company incurs a debt[27]; and such person was a director of the company at that time[28]; and as a result of the debt, the corporation becomes insolvent or was already insolvent at the instance of incurring such debt[29]; plus the director had suspected that the corporation was insolvent or would become insolvent; and the failure of such an individual to avert the corporation from incurring such liability, was dishonest. The offence covered under subsection (3)(a) attract absolute liability, as defined under section 6.2 of the Criminal Code, and the offences covered under subsection (3)(aa) and (3)(b) attract strict liability, as defined under section 6.1 of the Criminal Code. Application: QN was trading on January 18, 2016, even after it had become insolvent on November 27, 2015. It has already been established that Mr. Palmer was a shadow director of QN. So, the provisions of section 588G (3) are applicable on Mr. Palmer and this attracts strict liability on Mr. Palmer. Conclusion: So, it can be concluded that Mr. Palmer is liable under section 588G of the Corporations Act. Bibliography Articles/Books/Reports Russell Hinchy and Peter McDermott, Company Law (Pearson Education Australia, 2nd ed., 2009) ch 2 Cases ASC v Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu [1996] 753 FCA 1; (1996) 138 ALR 655; (1996) 14 ACLC 1,486; (1996) 21 ACSR 332 Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL (No 2) [2012] FCAFC 6 (21 February 2012) Legislation Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act, 2001 (Cth) Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) Director of Public Prosecutions Act, 1983 (Cth) Others AEST, Was Clive Palmer a shadow director of Queensland Nickel?, The Conversation (online), 13 April, 2016 https://theconversation.com/was-clive-palmer-a-shadow-director-of-queensland-nickel-57642 Tom Middleton, ASIC's Investigation of Corporate Collapses, 2016 https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/440/asics-investigation-of-corporate-collapses.aspx